ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2, along with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, forms part of the three highly pathogenic coronaviruses identified since the start of the millennium.1,2 While SARS-CoV was identified on 2003 and MERS-CoV on 2012, the initial reports of SARS-CoV-2 (the etiological agent of COVID-19) were first released at the end of December 2019.3,4 Now, after less than four months, the virus has distributed globally and has become the focus of extensive medical research, as the number of cases keeps rising.A significant part of the investigative effort has been directed to the search for an effective therapy or intervention that could stop the spread of the disease or be used to effectively treat infected patients. Likewise, potential predisposing factors to develop a more severe clinical presentation are progressively being identified. Some of the more relevant are older age and the presence of certain comorbidities, such as cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes.58 It is important to highlight that the last two are chronic conditions commonly treated with ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers.911 However, the evidence suggests that these medications can upregulate the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the cellular receptor for both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.1116 Thus, a group of researchers hypothesized that ACE2-increasing drugs could raise the risk of infection and prompt a more severe clinical course or a fatal outcome in diabetic and hypertensive patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acute Lung Injury , Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Infections , Angiotensins , Receptors, Angiotensin , Coronary Disease , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronavirusABSTRACT
Resumen: OBJETIVO: Identificar los serotipos más frecuentes de virus del papiloma humano mediante pruebas al azar en pacientes previamente diagnosticadas con cáncer cervicouterino. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo y observacional, efectuado en pacientes con displasia cervical, atendidas en el Hospital Regional Materno Infantil de Alta Especialidad de Nuevo León, Monterrey, entre enero y marzo de 2016. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años, que acudieron a la unidad médica para seguimiento y control ginecológico, con reporte anormal en la prueba de Papanicolaou, confirmado por histopatología, mediante biopsia dirigida por colposcopia. Criterios de exclusión: mujeres con histerectomía total por indicación de enfermedad benigna, sin antecedente de neoplasia intracervical; mayores a 70 años después de 3 citologías cervicales negativas en la década previa; pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia, radioterapia u otros tratamientos farmacológicos y quienes acudieron a revisión médica durante su ciclo menstrual. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 30 pacientes. Las clasificaciones más frecuentes de neoplasia cervical fueron: NIC-1 (n = 15), NIC-2 (n = 9) y NIC-3 (n = 6). Todas las pacientes analizadas tuvieron, al menos, un serotipo de VPH de alto riesgo. Los serotipos identificados con mayor frecuencia fueron el 31 y 33 (n = 18). En 18 pacientes se encontraron 6 o más serotipos de VPH. De 15 pacientes con lesiones de alto grado, 8 tuvieron la asociación de serotipos 31 y 33, y en 6 se identificó un serotipo aislado (16 y 51). CONCLUSIONES: Los serotipos identificados con mayor frecuencia fueron el 31 y 33. Desafortunadamente, la vacuna nonavalente que protege contra los serotipos más frecuentes de VPH no se encuentra disponible en Latinoamérica.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the most frequent serotypes of human papillomavirus through random testing of patients previously diagnosed with cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational study carried out in patients with cervical dysplasia, treated at the High Specialty Regional Maternal and Child Hospital of Nuevo León, Monterrey. Inclusion criteria: patients over 18 years of age, who attended the Dysplasia Clinic of the High Specialty Regional Maternal and Child Hospital for gynecological follow-up and control, with an abnormal result in the Papanicolaou test, confirmed by histopathology, by means of colposcopy-directed biopsy. Before the procedures (cervical cytology), Exclusion criteria: women with total hysterectomy due to indications of benign disease, without a history of intracervical neoplasia; older than 70 years after 3 negative cervical cytology in the previous decade; patients who received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other pharmacological treatments and who received medical check-ups during their menstrual cycle. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: 30 patients were registered. The most frequent classification of cervical neoplasia was: CIN1 (n = 15), CIN2 (n = 9) and CIN3 (n = 6). All the patients analyzed had at least one high-risk HPV serotype. The most frequently identified serotypes were 31 and 33 (n = 18 of 30). 6 or more HPV serotypes were found in 18 patients. Of 15 patients with high-grade lesions, 8 had the association of serotypes 31 and 33, and in 6 an isolated serotype was identified (16 and 51). CONCLUSIONS: The most frequently identified serotypes were 31 and 33. Unfortunately, the nonavalent vaccine that protects against the most frequent serotypes of HPV is not available in Latin America.